甘油直接制备丙烯醇的催化剂和反应工艺研究进展

丙烯醇是一种十分重要的中间体和化学原料。近年来，以甘油为原料直接制备丙烯醇的研究引起了许多科学家的关注。本文参考了最近十年来发表的文献，详细介绍了均相甲酸诱导的甘油脱氧脱水反应、催化剂作用下的甘油脱氧脱水反应、液固相甘油氢解反应和气固相甘油氢转移反应等过程制备丙烯醇的相关工艺、反应机理和催化剂的研究进展及发展趋势，并对比了上述工艺的优缺点。其中，均相甲酸诱导的甘油脱氧脱水工艺比较成熟，已经在实验室中得到验证和应用，但是甲酸的消耗量大，整个过程的原子经济性很差。 甘油脱氧脱水反应和液固相甘油氢解反应不仅需要采用价格昂贵的铼基催化剂，而且丙烯醇的选择性较低。 铁基催化剂作用下的气固相甘油氢转移反应制备丙烯醇，由于催化剂的价格低廉、制备工艺简单、产品分离容易等优势而备受关注，是最近五年的研究热点。在文献基础上，认为今后研究应该重点关注催化剂的酸碱性、氢转移能力及其与速率控制步骤的匹配，并有针对性地对催化剂进行优化和改进。     

柴油加氢裂化装置保护剂上杂质沉积分析

针对某炼油厂柴油加氢裂化装置停工换剂时发现精制反应器床层顶部的催化剂表面覆盖垢物的现象,对保护剂取样分析。对所取保护剂进行甲苯抽提处理后采用X射线荧光光谱仪（XRF）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、等离子体光谱仪（ICP-OES）等手段进行检测。结果表明：保护剂上主要沉积含铁、磷、硅、钙、钛（Fe、P、Si、Ca、Ti）元素的杂质;保护剂表面更多地沉积含铁、磷、硅（Fe、P、Si）元素的杂质;含钾、钙（K、Ca）等元素的杂质均匀地沉积在保护剂上;保护剂上未出现其他物相结构。对此,建议炼油厂一方面要严格控制原料油中含磷、硅（P、Si）等元素的杂质的携带,另一方面要装填部分捕硅剂来优化保护剂的级配装填,实现装置的平稳运行。     

烟气多污染物协同处理催化陶瓷过滤管的研究进展

燃烧烟气中各污染物的排放是大气污染的最主要来源，针对烟气多污染物的治理意义重大。本文综述了国内外目前关于烟气多污染物脱除的两种技术，即传统串联脱除技术和一体化协同脱除技术。相比于传统串联脱除工艺，多污染物一体化协同脱除技术具有占地面积小、运行费用低、应用领域广的优点，是烟气多污染物治理的发展趋势。而陶瓷过滤管催化剂技术以其独有的非对称、孔径梯度变化的结构特性，成为一种极具应用前景的一体化协同脱除新技术。国内外关于陶瓷过滤管催化剂的研究主要从过滤管元件的选材和负载脱硝催化剂的工艺方法这两方面，围绕过滤管催化剂的催化活性、过滤压降及性能稳定性的进行研究，取得了一定的成果。结合当前陶瓷过滤管催化剂的研究现状，对今后烟气多污染物陶瓷过滤管催化剂技术的发展提出了建议。     

Production of Synthesis Gas via Dry Reforming of Methane over Co‐Based Catalysts: Effect on H2/CO Ratio and Carbon Deposition

The effect of support type on synthesis gas production using Co‐based catalysts supported over TiO₂‐P25, Al₂O₃, SiO₂, and CeO₂ was investigated. The catalysts were prepared by the incipient wet impregnation method and characterized by various techniques for comparison. Experiments were performed in a micro tubular reactor. The results revealed that all Co‐supported catalysts produced synthesis gas ratios of 1 and below and, thus, proved to be well‐suited for methanol and Fischer‐Tropsch syntheses. Co catalysts supported over TiO₂‐P25 and Al₂O₃ provided better synthesis gas ratios and stability performances. The promotion of a Co/TiO₂‐P25 catalyst with Ce had a substantial influence on its catalytic activity and the amount of carbon deposit. A Ce‐promoted catalyst diminished markedly the extent of carbon deposition and thus boosted the performance towards better activity and stability.     

三聚甲醛合成工艺探究

为了改进硫酸催化法合成三聚甲醛工艺的诸多弊端,介绍并分析了目前合成三聚甲醛的不同工艺。分析后认为,离子液体催化剂是一种新型催化剂合成方法,具有许多优点,而且它与硫酸催化法有许多共同之处,因此,将硫酸催化合成法改造为离子液体合成法具有一定的可行性。     

NNI-1型C_5/C_6烷烃异构化催化剂长周期运行分析及建议

中国石化海南炼油化工有限公司0.2 Mt/a C5/C6烷烃异构化装置以连续重整装置的拔头油为原料,使用NNI-1催化剂,采用一次通过流程,不设脱异戊烷塔和稳定塔,经设在连续重整装置内的脱丁烷塔稳定处理后作为汽油调合组分。该装置于2006年9月开工投产,截至2015年3月已连续运行3个周期。长周期运行分析结果表明:前两个周期中NNI-1催化剂具有较高的异构化活性及选择性,C5异构化率为60%左右,C6异构化率为80%左右,C6选择性为15%左右,产品辛烷值基本达到技术指标要求(RON≥78);而在第三周期运行中,催化剂积炭增加等原因导致其异构化活性及选择性降低,异构化产品辛烷值提升能力呈现逐步衰减的趋势,提高反应苛刻度已不能弥补催化剂活性下降造成的产品辛烷值降低。为保证装置长周期运行,建议择机停工对催化剂进行再生,或是直接换用与装置原料性质匹配的异构化催化剂。     

High temperature Ir segregation in Ir–B ceramics: effect of oxygen presence on stability of IrB2 and other Ir–B phases

The formation of IrB₂, IrB_1.35, IrB_1.1 and IrB monoboride phases in the Ir–B ceramic nanopowder was confirmed during mechanochemical reaction between metallic Ir and elemental B powders. The Ir–B phases were analysed after 90 h of high energy ball milling and after annealing of the powder for 72 h at 1050°C in vacuo. The iridium monoboride (IrB) orthorhombic phase was synthesised experimentally for the first time and identified by powder X-ray diffraction. Additionally, the ReB₂ type IrB₂ hexagonal phase was also produced for the first time and identified by high resolution transmission electron microscope. Ir segregation along disordered domains of the boron lattice was found to occur during high temperature annealing. These nanodomains may have useful catalytic properties.     

Exploring the relationship between the physical properties of activated carbon catalysts and their efficiency in catalyzing hydrogen iodide decomposition to produce hydrogen

Using simple and efficient methods to synthesize biological activated carbon catalysts (ACCs) with the decomposition of hydrogen iodide (HI) in the sulfur-iodine cycle as a typical reaction is urgently needed for the commercialization of hydrogen energy production and development. In this study, a series of ACCs with different specific surface areas (SSAs) and pore structures are prepared by comparing and controlling the changes in carbonization and activation methods of activated carbon (AC) preparation process. Hierarchical porous AC with larger SSA has higher HI decomposition efficiency. The representative samples H240H1h and H240C4h are hierarchical porous ACCs with 48.96% and 46.88% micropores, respectively, and have the highest catalytic activity in the entire series. The nitrogen adsorption and desorption curve is combined with pore size distribution data and analyzed using the capillary aggregation (Kelvin) and monolayer adsorption (Langmuir) theories. And ACC pore grading coefficient—which can improve data visualization—is introduced.     

氘重氧水液相催化交换法氢正常化工艺研究

液相催化交换法是有效的氢同位素分离方法之一，传统电解法进行氘重氧水氢正常化安全风险大，生产成本高，为此利用液相催化交换法对含氘重氧水进行除氘实验。结果表明，反应温度在30~70 ℃内，随着温度升高，含氘重氧水除氘过程的总体积传质系数（Kya）值先变大后变小，当温度大于60 ℃后，总体积传质系数Kya值逐渐变小，最优反应温度为60 ℃；气液比（摩尔比）在0.5~3.0之间，随着气液比增加，含氘重氧水除氘过程的Kya值愈大，含氘重氧水除氘效果越好，但过大的气液比会引起气液夹带甚至导致液泛，降低反应效率。实验结果可为开展高氘浓度氘重氧水液相催化交换法氢正常化工艺研究提供依据。